The Medicare Modernization Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Medicare Modernization Act - Essay Example When it comes to income that means those who are living from hand to mouth are unable to benefit from the Act. In order to analyze whether it is a step forward or backward, let us discuss the significance of MMA in the light of its pros and cons to the U.S citizens: Medicare initially was not considered among the major concerns of American national politics 3. First, there was the targeting of Medicare expenditures, which federal officials regularly forecasted to raise over the 1990s, as a way to reduce the federal budget deficit. That issue momentarily heated up the debate between the Bush and Clinton campaigns when Budget Director Richard Darman claimed in July 1992 that Medicare outlays would have to be drastically reduced if the budget deficit were to be substantially lowered. The other set of political issues involved the emergent politics of universal health insurance in the early 1990s both the realization that an extraordinary consensus had emerged about the need for far-reaching change and the presumption that, if elected, Clinton aimed to act on that consensus 4. The context for the 1997 Medicare changes reflected two long-term forces at work in American politics. One element was the wearing down of the faith in government and ameliorative social programs that had been central to Medicare's birth in the heyday of the Great Society. The second was a form of fiscal politics that emphasized the consequences of the aging of the baby boomers, particularly the budgetary strain they would put on both Medicare and Social Security in the years ahead 5. Medicare - The most costly Program Medicare makes up the largest proportion of income-assistance spending. The cost of medical benefits has risen by more than the cost of other programs since the 1970s. It is said and often considered that certain social insurance and welfare health programs raise the greatest number of people out of scarcity, especially among the elderly and retired. The success of such programs can be determined by the historical acceptance of such Acts like the Food Stamp Act in 1964 and Medicare and Medicaid in 1965, which provided health insurance for the needy and poor 6. In the early 1990s, once again there felt a need to change the existing plans and policies regarding health and medication, so certain health welfare and food stamp programs arrive but at a smaller scale. The main reason for requiring such policies was the dissatisfaction with the then welfare programs and policies. Bill Clinton, who had vowed to "end welfare as we know it" in his 1992 campaign, helped do just that, signing a bipartisan bill in 1996, the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) 7. This was a dramatic and controversial measure that brought an end to six decades of federal social policy guaranteeing at least a minimum level of aid to those in poverty. The measure abolished AFDC and replaced it with a system of smaller grants to states, which established rules of eligibility but were required to end welfare to

Negative Influence of Social Media Essay Example for Free

Negative Influence of Social Media Essay Today, Mass Media is notoriously known to project a negative influence on teens and society. It manipulates several aspects of our lives including, but not limited to, the choices we make about our overall physical appearance, how we perceive beauty, healthy decisions we make regarding drug and alcohol use, engaging in premarital sex, and our peer and social interactions. We emulate what the media portrays as acceptable and desirable, though it goes against the norms and values put forth from society. As we mature, our goals and values seem to change as we break from the traditional values and connect with those portrayed as cool and current, through the media and pop culture. During adolescence, one often struggles with choosing between what is right from wrong and the media often accentuates the lives of celebrities. Young children are known to emulate their role models, unconscious of the consequences that may result in their actions. The media has been proven to be detrimental to the health and lifestyle of the youth. The media has a strong impact on the appearance satisfaction of today’s youth. Young women are constantly comparing their bodies to the ones seen advertised on television commercials. Around 10 million females and 1 million males in the United States are suffering from eating disorders such as anorexia, bulimia, etc. After seeing these beautiful and flawless models on billboards and advertisements, many women are disturbed with their personal body images. This is known to be a main contributor to eating disorders around the world. Thus, the media has the effect to change ones mental set up. Beauty and Body Image in the Media† is an article that explains the negative affect the media has on young women and how they view themselves. Images of female bodies are seen in films, TV, magazines, ads, etc. These models are engraving the perfect body image into the minds’ of the youth. Women’s magazines are full of ads influencing women that if they lose weight they’ll have it all. Researchers have observed that these images of thin and airbrushed models are associated with depression, loss of self-esteem, and the development of harmful eating habits. It’s been suggested that almost half of all preadolescent girls are dissatisfied with their appearances and either diet or think about dieting. Further, 50 to 70 percent of average weight girls feel that they’re overweight and 90 percent of women are frustrated with their body images. These advertisements are not only advertising their products, but they’re also selling an entire way of life. The media promotes tan, fit, and outward physical perfection in men and women. It is not only middle-aged adults who seek cosmetic surgery to alter their appearance. Today, children also undergo cosmetic procedures. In fact, in 2005 it was reported that children under the age of 18 underwent approximately 333,000 cosmetic procedures. Some included liposuction, breast augmentation, otoplasties (ear pinnings), and rhinoplasties (nose jobs). Teenagers of both genders are trying to acquire a perfect figure rather than living a healthy lifestyle and appreciating themselves for who they truly are. The media also has a reputation for promoting unhealthy choices, such as unprotected premarital sex and drug and alcohol use. The media is sending the wrong message to young adults that taking part in these activities is okay. The article, â€Å"The Media’s Influence Undermines America’s Morals†, by Tim LaHaye contains numerous examples of how the media is detrimental to the future of the United States. AIM, Accuracy In Media, and PMRC, Parents Music Resource Center, are organizations that support government regulation of the media. They believe that the media is destroying our culture and altering our values. Moviemakers, producers, and journalists are provoking sexual immorality in our society by explicitly exposing and promoting sexual relationships. The media is even found glamorizing teen pregnancies in the MTV series, 16 and Pregnant and Teen Mom. LaHaye states that, â€Å"the media’s power is seen in its degrading influence not only on the nation’s morals, but on†¦ virtually every area of life. † Music also plays a huge role in influencing teens toward becoming sexually active and provocative. â€Å"Rock Music Has a Negative Effect on the Youth†, by Rob Lamp is another article which states that rock music is somewhat accountable for the increase in teenage pregnancies. A counselor for pregnant teenagers believes that young girls are emulating celebrities. They are buying their albums and dressing like them. Today, 30 percent of all women loose their virginity before age sixteen. Violence sexuality has also become popular in music videos and song lyrics. Rap lyrics are being criticized by child advocate groups such as the American Academy of Pediatrics, for imparting the wrong message to the youth about sex and drugs. Misogamy is a derogatory or hateful comment geared towards girls and women and a lot of rap artists tend to include misogamy in their lyrics. The  APA has determined that today’s youth actually spends more time listening to and reading to the lyrics via the Internet to their favorite music than they do watching television. This council urges parents to be vigilant when it comes to knowing what their children are listening to. Lamp also states the kind of electronic music played at raves has been associated with the use of drugs and alcohol. † The Robert Wood Johnson foundation backed a report titled â€Å"Substance Abuse: The Nations Number One Health Problem†, which shows juveniles are starting to use drugs and alcohol between the ages of 12 and 13. In fact, by eighth grade 52 percent of adolescents have used alcohol and 20 percent have used marijuana. This figure jumps to 80 percent use of alcohol and 49 percent use of marijuana by the 12th grade. A research conducted in 1997 showed that in the 200 most popular movie rentals, alcohol appears almost 93 percent of the time and illicit drugs appeared roughly 25 percent of the time. Further, of the 1,000 most popular songs, 27 percent were shown to include alcohol or drug references. These numbers have surely risen since 1997. In addition to music videos and song lyrics promoting premarital sex and drug/alcohol use, this form of media is also seen promoting violent behavior among adolescent teens. Robert Lamp also believes that â€Å"heavy metal and rap have been associated with reckless behavior and below-average academic performance†¦ heavy metal and rock music have also been associated with an increasing risk of suicide, depression, delinquency risk behavior, smoking, and conduct problems† (Neale 1). In recent years, lyrics are becoming more vulgar and inappropriate. The violence heard in rock music instigates adolescents to commit violent crimes. In Northport NY, a seventeen-year-old boy was slaughtered; the names of Ozzy Osbourne and his former band members were spray painted at the crime scene, along with many satanic symbols. Doctor Guttman, a Professor of Psychiatry at Northwestern University states that, â€Å"Rock has so often been involved in these things (violence, teen suicide, etc. ) many of us in psychiatry have had to take it more seriously. † 45 percent of about 1,200 rock music videos supervised were viewed as explicitly violent. Video games and movies also play a prominent role in promoting violence among youth. The article â€Å"Most Teens Play Violent Video Games†, by Ben Berkowitz and published in the Washington Post, states that â€Å"70 percent of American teenage boys have played the violent, but popular â€Å"Grand Theft Auto† video game, and they are more likely to have been in a fight than those who have not played. † It is clear that the violence depicted through these games are mimicked by youth who have difficulty distinguishing between fantasy and what is appropriate and acceptable in a realistic environment. Tim LaHaye gives a real life example of how the media affects certain people. In San Diego, a High School honor student watched An ABC horror movie on the life of Lizzy Borden, an infamous axe murderer in the 1890’s. After viewing this film, he decided to murder his mother, father, and sister. These examples illustrate how juvenile violence is promoted through music, video games, and movies. We live in a society that depends greatly on the media to impart information, allow for communication, and provide entertainment on a regular basis throughout our daily lives. It is vital that we are attentive and vigilant in deciding what our youth should be allowed to view and listen to, as we know there is a direct connection between what one consumes and what one in turn values, how one behaves and how one interacts in society. Too much exposure to the negative aspects of the media can be detrimental to one’s mental, emotional and physical health. The media influences how we perceive beauty, the healthful decisions we make, and how we interact socially. The negative media is harmfully transforming our ethical values of life and our outlook on society.

Identity in Hurtson’s Their Eyes Were Watching God, Kingston’s Woman Wa

Identity in Hurtson’s Their Eyes Were Watching God, Kingston’s Woman Warrior, and Spiegelman’s Maus Despite being a very diverse literature genre in terms of influence and inspiration, North American literature encompasses many works that share some very common thematic elements. Though there are several themes shared, one in particular can be found in most any work – the importance of identity. Particularly in some selected pieces yet to be named, identity is a very important element, not only because it is a necessity for a main character in any work of literature, but because these works express ideas about identity as being very individualistic – as opposed to being a mere result of cultural surroundings. Zora Neal Hurtson’s Their Eyes Were Watching God, Maxine Hong Kingston’s Woman Warrior, and Art Spiegelman’s Maus; these three works illustrate identity in this manner – a development of self, influenced yet not controlled by elements of relevant cultures. Hurtson’s tale tells a fictional account of Janie Crawford, a middle-aged black woman who goes through a search, and a struggle through opposing forces in her surrounding culture, in her quest to celebrate her own individual identity. The opposing cultural influence begins right from her childhood – her grandmother who raises her, whose cultural views are influenced by the common ideas of the outside world, seeks out to find a man she can marry to secure her a strong social status. She marries her off to a man name Logan Killicks, a successful farmer, and Janie begins to realize that the role that culture sees fit for her makes her very unhappy. Logan does not treat her very respectfully, and sees her as a mere fixture in the household, such as was the common cultur... ...dual identities sought by their respective protagonists. These identities all become realized and celebrated through these stories in some way shape or form. Not only are these expressions of who they are, but they show a desire to go against cultural backdrops that dictate their identities to be something they do not want them to be. Identity is a necessity in literary works, but it does not always take on this kind of thematic meaning. In these stories, identity is a struggle that culminates with a celebration of self; that very struggle makes these stories what they are, and radiate the ideal of individuality. Works Cited: Hurston, Zora Neale. (1937). Their Eyes Were Watching God. J.B. Lippincott Inc. Kingston, Maxine Hong. (1975). Woman Warrior. New York, Toronto: Random House, Inc. Spiegelman, Art. (1973). Maus. New York, Toronto: Random House, Inc.

Discuss the ways in which Steinbeck explores the concept of the ‘American Dream’ is central to the novel Essay

The American Dream was a dream that nearly everyone had throughout the twentieth century. It was hope for a better life and people believed strongly that it would come true. The main characters in ‘Of Mice & Men’ have a dream which was to get a plot of land and live on it and become self-sufficient. The American Dream was not an achievable goal for many people. Steinbeck shows this failure through the characters of Lennie & George. The American dream was a great thing. We first heard about it when Lennie and George were sitting by the river at the beginning of the book. The dream was a hope that every rancher had an opportunity for a better life. Lennie and George, the two main characters, had such a dream, â€Å"Some day were gonna get a little place and a couple of acres†. The idea was to get a piece of land, grow crops and have an improved life there. They also new exactly what they were aiming for and what they wanted. They realised that their imagination should not be set too high for fear of disappointment. The two men also knew that they should not tell other people about the plot of land in case it was snatched from under their noses. This frequently happened then, as so many people were seeking the same desire., â€Å"Well it’s ten acres said George. Got a little win mill. Got a little shack on it and a chicken run. Got a kitchen, orchard, cherries, peaches, cots, nuts, got a few berries.† This shows that Lennie and George had ambition and again, knew what they wanted. It also shows that there were places where the dream had a chance of coming true, and that affordable land was for sale. Lennie and George intended to get the land by working extremely hard for a couple of months. They would earn standard migrant labour workers wages which was of course not very much, as the great depression was around at the time the book was set. The men hoped to save money and put it towards the plot of land, â€Å"Look, if me an Lennie work a month an’ don’t spen’ nothing we’ll have a hundred bucks†. Sooner or later people started to realise that the American Dream was turning into a nightmare. This is shown in the book by all the travelling and unemployment. Steinbeck shows that people were determined to get a job and willing to travel around to find one, he reinforces this through Lennie and George. At the start of the novel Steinbeck told us that they were walking, so we obviously know that they have had a nomadic life. During their rest they have a conversation about their travels â€Å"The first thing you know is that they are pounding away at some other ranch†. This backs up the fact that people travel around for jobs. We know how Lennie and George frequently lose their jobs, this is due to Lennie constantly getting the pair of them into trouble which jeopardises their current job. Because of this they have to travel from one ranch to another in search of another job. Also you can corroborate the fact that people travelled by George quoting, â€Å"The hell with what I says. You remember about us going into Murray and Ready’s and they give us work cards and bus tickets†. Murray and Ready are a typical work agency that sprung up in America during the Great Depression. In the 1930s the Great Depression spoilt the American Dream, it damaged everything that had a promising future, from buying food to making investments in the stock market. Through out the novel we do not see this very much. It is shown only as a high unemployment rate. George is very passionate about work as he wants to achieve his dream. As you read on through the book George comments on other people in his situation, â€Å"They aint got nothing to look ahead to†. Implying that George is fed up of losing his job to other people. He now knows you should not think about looking ahead to long term ambitions as anything can happen. The rate of unemployment was a serious issue at the time of the book, as the economy was decreasing rapidly. It is shown through various characters such as Carlson, Slim, Lennie, George and many more. We know that they all have been travelling from ranch to ranch in search of jobs during this time, they have started to feel like they do not have a home and don’t belong anywhere. â€Å"Guys like us, they got no family and don’t belong no place. They come to a ranch an work up a stake then they go into town and blow their stake†. This was quite normal for young and old men in their quest, not just for the dream, but for survival. Because of that, it made it hard for people to keep a job as other people who were as desperate, came along and accepted less pay to work at the same job, just so they could get some money. The idea of the American Dream was to be happy but just as well as the Great depression, racism also crippled the illusion. The dream was merely for the whites, as many of the blacks were unlawfully discarded from the opportunity or status to achieve it. Steinbeck shows this in the book through a character called Crooks, who was a crippled Negro stable buck and had suffered years of abuse in his life. Although Crooks could read and write, he was very lonely and because he was black, he could not join in with the usual endeavours of other men on the ranch. â€Å"Suppose you had to sit out here and read books. Sure you could play horseshoes till it gets dark, but then you got to read books†. This shows he only had books for company. It was still very racist in the 1930’s so there was not much chance of Crooks achieving the dream by himself and certainly no one at that time would try to help. In the course of the book Crooks also tells us about his life in the past, how his father did actually achieve the dream, and how his family was the only coloured family in Soledad, which is where the book was set. â€Å"There wasn’t another coloured family for miles around. And now there aint no coloured man on this ranch†. Crooks felt strongly about this, he was neglected by everyone and still felt as if he was being treated as an unequal by every other man. He wanted so much to be included in the games that everyone participated in. â€Å"Suppose you couldn’t go into the bunk house and play rummy cause you was black†. Because Crooks was being denied these privileges he turned into a bitter man who was equally as malicious as the offenders. This portrays the dream in a bad way, which is unusual as the dream is usually portrayed as being happy and being the provider when it actually created tensions between different races and cultures and caused many tribulations between people. Although Crooks is abused by many people on the ranch there is one person in the book who does not discriminate him because he is black, that person is Lennie. Lennie does not understand or see the racism in the world and he sees everyone as being the same. Crooks feels he can talk to Lennie about many things, â€Å"A guy can talk to you an’ be sure you won’t go blabbin†. Because of this it reassures Crooks and makes him feel better as he knows he can talk to some one instead of read books At first there was a chance of the dream coming true. One reason was because of Candy, willing to give his life savings so he would know that he had somewhere to go after he was incapable of working on the ranch, † Tell you what suppose I went in with you guys thas three hundred and fifty bucks I’d put in†. This endorses the fact that he was willing to put every last coinage that he had, to assist him to have a happy finale to his life. Also Crooks, the negro stable buck, offers to help, â€Å"If you guys would want a hand in work for nothing just his keep†. He did this just so he could have a friendship with someone and feel liked. In addition no one else knew about this certain plot of land, which made it a secret of the group and easy to obtain. We know that the owners needed to get the money fast, â€Å"The ol’ people that owns it is flat bust an’ the ol’ lady needs an operation†. Because of all this Lennie, George and Candy s tood a very good chance of achieving this reverie. The American dream ended due to a series of unfortunate events. Steinbeck shows this through Lennie and George not getting the land. They did not get it because of many things. The main reason for them failing was Lennie. He spoilt the dream for George, as he was constantly getting into trouble and destroying any chance that he had to achieve the dream. After a while other men on the ranch begin to question their past, for example, Slim, â€Å"What happened in Weed†. We know that they have been travelling around and losing jobs, but it was not just because of other men stealing their jobs only to get paid less, it was also Lennie destructively destroying their chances, because of this they, had to move on to another ranch. In the end they had no hope what so ever, of the dream coming true because of Lennie, once again, getting George into trouble, as he was responsible for Lennie, when he unintentionally killed Curly’s wife. If given the chance most men on the farm would attempt the dream even if they thought it was impossible. A good example is Crooks, at one point in the story, he was putting down the fact of any one achieving their goal, â€Å"Jesus I seen it too many time. Too many guys with land in their head. They never get none under their hand†. When Crooks found out that there was a chance of it happening, he decided on trying to get in on it, â€Å"If you guys would want a hand to work for nothing, just his keep, why I’d come an lend a hand†. You can see also that people always put down the achievement of the dream, but they all had a secret burning ambition to get it if the chance came around. Through out the book Steinbeck managed to portray the conditions of the Great Depression in the 1930’s. He also gave us a glimpse of The American Dream that every one pursued and showed us that it was not an easy achievement. Steinbeck has managed to show the different levels of hardship and suffering that people faced during that period of time and also managed to show more hopeless situations of people from a minority. The concept of the American Dream is at the heart of the novel ‘Of Mice & Men’ and therefore allows Steinbeck to make comments on American Society and the time of the Great Depression.

MRP II: Inventory Management

While MRP I primarily address the inbound flow of inventory (materials management), MRP II adds other interfaces such as finance, marketing, and integrated logistics. Like MRP I, MRP II is a push inventory model which pushes product through manufacturing and distribution processes in order to meet forecast demand. However, it adds further dimensions to the basic model. MRP II not only considers the inbound flow of material, but also how much material can actually be handle within the plant. Furthermore, it actually handles production scheduling, labour needs, inventory budgets, and personnel needs. But the most important feature is the addition of the finance interface. This module provides the capability of transforming the operating production plans into financial terms, consequently the data can be used for financial planning and control purposes of a more general management nature. Another significant addition is the simulation module. This simulation capability enables management to perform a more comprehensive alternative planing work in developing the marketing and business plans. Operating variable could be regulated to examine the systemwide response to the proposed operating change. Besides MRP II includes the entire set of activities involved in the planning and control of production operations. It consists of a variety of functions of modules and includes production planing, resource requirement planning, master production scheduling, materials requirements planning (MRP I), shop floor control, and purchasing. Step 1 – Market Demand; the process begins with an aggregation demand from all sources. Examples of sources are firms† orders, forecasts, and safety stock requirements. Step 2- Production Plan; with inputs from manufacturing, finance, and marketing, the production plan would be derived. Step 3- Rough-cut capacity planning; it involves short-term capacity considerations that are affected by irregularities in demand. It formulates benchmarks for the proper use of personnel, machines, and shifts. Bills of capacity and bills of labour resources are the primary inputs to determine rough-cut capacity. In the event of incapability in producing the require output (due to limitation of capacity), adjustment to the production plan would be made. Step 4- Master production schedule; formulation of the master production schedules provides a realistic, detailed, statement of what the firm expects. It is more detail than the aggregate plan, it translates the aggregate plan into specific numbers of specific products to be produced in a specific period of time. Step 5- Material requirements planning (MRP); MRP is the heart of the entire process (MRP II). When MRP comes into play, material and schedule requirements would be generated. Step 6- Capacity requirements planning; at this stage, the capacity requirement planning determine whether the firm has enough capacity (e.g. worker, space, money) to meet the schedules. Again, if schedules could not be met, some adjustment in the master production schedule would be required else requirements would be scheduled. – Improved consistency in one-time customer delivery – Reduction in purchasing cost due to fewer expedited shipments – Inventory reduction of one-fourth to one-third (cost reduced) – Improve responsiveness to demand changes – Allowing more planning flexibility – Minimization of workforce overtime Problems in Implementation of MRP II Implementation an MRP II system is a monumental effort. The system requires a tremendous amount of information, which must be accurate if the system is to be successful. The MRP II systems is capable of affecting all function within Forges†s marketing, production, purchasing, accounting, finance and logistic. All personnel who have any interaction with the MRP II system require training. Further, Forges must be committed to make the MRP II system work. The problems that occur in implementing MRP are frequently organizational and behavioral rather than technical. Existing Systems and the Informal System If an MRP II system is replacing an existing production and inventory control system, Forges may see significant resistance to change, even if the existing system has been unsatisfactory. People generally resist to change, and they prefer the familiar to the unfamiliar. Also, when a system performs poorly, an informal system develops to deal with problems. For MRP II to operate effectively, the company must have a large amount of timely and accurate data. Besides, bill of material must be developed for all items. Furthermore, all the bill of material (BOM) must be reviewed, updated, and structured that provide the data needed by MRP II. This would not be a simple task. Frequency product changes and modification can make the process of developing a BOM challenging. To maintain the integrity of the BOM, the company must practice effective configuration control, that is, the company must control and coordinate changes to its products to ensure a smooth changeover to new product designs. After a system is installed, careful attention and discipline must be exercised to ensure at all data used by the system is accurate. For example, if a clerk is supposed to enter a code 3, indicating that the item is purchase in thousands, but instead enters code 1, indicating that it is purchase in dozens, serious error and material shortages are likely to occur. If a system gives erroneous data at times, people may develop other way to get the data they need and may no longer bother to update the system, since they no longer use it. The system could then become even less reliable and be a burden rather then a benefit. All MRP II data must be accurate to ensure system integrity, but the inventory data are the most difficult to maintain because they change frequency. The MRP II inventory data must be compared periodically with the actual physical inventory to maintain accuracy. Periodic counting involves more than just counting parts. Forges must maintain proper housekeeping so that parts are properly located, accessible and identified. When implementing MRP II for the first time, getting inventory under control can be a formidable task. Top-level managers and managers are in all parts of the organization that will be affected by MRP must clearly recognize all the efforts needed to achieve this new way of managing their activities. These mangers must fully support all the changes and must remain supportive of the new system. The participation of users of the system in its development will make the people more familiar with the system. Besides, they would also be more committed as they play a part in the system†s development. For the system to work, the entire user would have to be properly trained. Users must understand the system in order to used it effectively. A well-designed MRP system could help to improve a company†s operation greatly, however a poorly designed can lead a company into deep trouble. Wallace†s Proven Path for MRP Implementation According to Thomas Wallace, an MRP II expert, the implementation could be completed in 18 months. 12 months for implementing MRP, 3 months to â€Å"close the loop,† and three more months to implement MRP II. Figure above is a graphic representation of the implementation timetable. The process starts with first-cut education follows by developing a consensus that the company should implement MRP. Next, the education and training phase will begin and it is an ongoing activity even after implementation. By the second month, inventory accuracy and bill of material accuracy and structure will begin, they are the most time and labour consuming step. In the mid of the third month, production planning and MPS policies together with the system and software participation would start. By the eighth month, the first pilot program would commence. Subsequently the cutover phase would start. By the end of the twelveth month, the implementing of the basic MRP would be completed. The next three-month is for closing the MRP loop which encompass shop-floor control, capacity requirement planning and purchasing. Routings, work centers and system preparation will commence simultaneously. Once finished, another pilot program will commence follows by the cutover program. By the end of the fifteenth month, the MRP loop would be closed.

Owens Valley Aquaduct essays

Owens Valley Aquaduct essays Two hundred and fifty miles north of the busy streets of Los Angeles, in Inyo County, lay the serene Owens Valley. The Owens Valley is a vast terrain that is bounded by the towering Sierra Nevada mountain range at one end and the barren Death Valley desert at its other end. As the snowfall from the peaks of the Sierra Nevadas annually transforms itself into water, the Owens River drains the downpour and flows profusely through the valley. The Owens Lake would routinely capture this stream and store the rivers yearly deposits, but the route of the stream was redirected. In 1905, an avaricious project was contrived by the political agendas of the powerful moguls behind the Los Angeles Water Company, building the Los Angeles Aqueduct.(Davis, Margaret) The project was masterminded by Fred Eaton and William Mulholland to foster the growth of the large metropolis included a larger water supply, and they were willing to achieve their goals by any means necessary. They found their water supply in the Owens Valley. However, the acquisition of the water was surrounded by red tape. Despite the obstacles that stood in their way, the two men found a way to fulfill their vision at expense of the Owens Valley community. Once a fecund and fertile region that was home to many small, prosperous farms and ranches, the Owens Valley has been stripped of its main resource due to the construction of the Los Angeles Aqueduct. At the turn of the century, Los Angeles began to thrive in its economic ventures. The metropolis was slowly beginning to become focal point of tremendous business activity. As the city boomed, business leaders began to envision the endless potential of prosperity. The population growth was surging. People were flocking to the area in great numbers. The Los Angeles Water Company quickly realized that an auspicious opportunity was to be had and warned the city of need of a subsidiary water supply to sustain its growth....

Free Essays on Clasuewitz

In Roger Parkinson’s â€Å"Clausewitz A Biography.† Parkinson argues Clausewitz as a man was sensitive and compassionate, and was not the war monger the later generation has conceived Clausewitz to be. The evidence to support this thesis was found first in chapter five entitled Prisoner of War, which discusses Clausewitz’s reaction and feelings of being a prisoner of war, in 1806 to the French. From a letter to his fiancà © Marie von Bruhl. â€Å"It is infinitely pleasant to share one’s thoughts with someone you respect and with someone you trust. Such love and devotion have I for two people only in the world, for you and my friend Scharnhorst. I would scarcely find a third to equal them, even if I looked all my life.† [pg.94, para.3, line.40-43] Chapter eleven entitled Eighteen Thirteen discusses the battle of Bautzen, the battle was a horror to both sides. Sharnhorst was injured, his wound failed to heal and infection set in. â€Å" Clausewitz was overcome with grief. The last news of Scharnhorst was that he was dead, as you will have already heard. He wrote to Marie on 30th of June. You will know how sad I am. Although he is irreplaceable for the army, for the country, and for Europe, I find it difficult to think of all that, and at this moment I can think of nothing but the personal loss of this dearest friend of all my life. No-one else can take his place and he will always be missed by me. I cannot tell you how deep is my grief. Clausewitz continued: How hard it must have been for him to leave this world: he had so much left that he wanted to do. I would not have cared to attend his dying moments, since it would have affected me badly, but I still regret my absence among those who paid their respects and showed t heir devotion at the end, because of the thousands who owed him gratitude and love, no-one owes him more than I. Except for you, nobody has shown me so much kindness, and nobody has so influenced the whole happiness... Free Essays on Clasuewitz Free Essays on Clasuewitz In Roger Parkinson’s â€Å"Clausewitz A Biography.† Parkinson argues Clausewitz as a man was sensitive and compassionate, and was not the war monger the later generation has conceived Clausewitz to be. The evidence to support this thesis was found first in chapter five entitled Prisoner of War, which discusses Clausewitz’s reaction and feelings of being a prisoner of war, in 1806 to the French. From a letter to his fiancà © Marie von Bruhl. â€Å"It is infinitely pleasant to share one’s thoughts with someone you respect and with someone you trust. Such love and devotion have I for two people only in the world, for you and my friend Scharnhorst. I would scarcely find a third to equal them, even if I looked all my life.† [pg.94, para.3, line.40-43] Chapter eleven entitled Eighteen Thirteen discusses the battle of Bautzen, the battle was a horror to both sides. Sharnhorst was injured, his wound failed to heal and infection set in. â€Å" Clausewitz was overcome with grief. The last news of Scharnhorst was that he was dead, as you will have already heard. He wrote to Marie on 30th of June. You will know how sad I am. Although he is irreplaceable for the army, for the country, and for Europe, I find it difficult to think of all that, and at this moment I can think of nothing but the personal loss of this dearest friend of all my life. No-one else can take his place and he will always be missed by me. I cannot tell you how deep is my grief. Clausewitz continued: How hard it must have been for him to leave this world: he had so much left that he wanted to do. I would not have cared to attend his dying moments, since it would have affected me badly, but I still regret my absence among those who paid their respects and showed t heir devotion at the end, because of the thousands who owed him gratitude and love, no-one owes him more than I. Except for you, nobody has shown me so much kindness, and nobody has so influenced the whole happiness...

Top Conservative Celebrities in Hollywood

Top Conservative Celebrities in Hollywood For just about as long as anyone can remember, liberalism has been the political ideology of choice in Hollywood. But that is slowly beginning to change. Conservative Celebrities Below is a list of Tinseltown celebs who make no bones about their conservative commitments. Some youll know. Others might surprise you. Either way, enjoy and know that if youre a conservative, youre not alone (even though it might feel like it sometimes)! Trace Adkins: Country Music Singer TV PersonalityDanny Aiello: Film ActorAdam Baldwin: TV ActorStephen Baldwin: Actor, Radio PersonalityMichael Bay: Big Budget DirectorPat Boone: Singer, SongwriterWilfred Brimley: Commercial Actor Star of CocoonJerry Bruckheimer: TV Film ProducerJames Caan: Legendary Film ActorDrew Carey: Game Show Host Former TV StarAdam Carolla: Former Host of The Mans ShowTom Clancy: Espionage and Military Science AuthorJon Cryer: Notable Film TV ActorRobert Davi: TV Film ActorBo Derek: Model, Film Television ActressDale Earnhardt Jr.: American Race Car DriverClint Eastwood: Academy Award Winning Film Actor DirectorJohn Elway: Hall of Fame Quarterback Super Bowl MVP with the Denver BroncosSara Evans: Country Music SingerLou Ferrigno: TV Actor (Star of The Incredible Hulk King of Queens Guest Star)Mel Gibson: Film Actor Academy Award-Winning DirectorKelsey Grammer: TV Film Actor, Star of TVs Long-Running Series, FrasierRick Harrison: TV Host of Pawn Sta rs Angie Harmon: TV Film Actor, Star of TVs Law OrderElizabeth Hasslebeck: Former Survivor Contestant Co-Host of The ViewDennis Hopper: Actor, Director Two-Time Academy Award NomineePatricia Heaton: TV Actor, Female Lead in TVs Everybody Loves RaymondNaomi Judd: Country Music Singer, Actress AuthorLorenzo Lamas: TV ActorHeather Locklear: TV Film ActressSusan Lucci: Emmy Award-Winning Actress Soap StarDennis Miller: Actor, Stand-Up Comedian Political CommentatorChuck Norris: Legendary TV ActorTed Nugent: Legendary Musician, SpeakerSarah Palin: Reality TV StarRichard Petty: Seven-time NASCAR ChampionJohnny Ramone (John Cummings), Legendary Musician, Founder of ​The RamonesJohn Ratzenberger: TV Actor, Voice-Over PersonalityRobert James Kid Rock Ritchie: Singer, Song Writer RapperRobertson Family: Duck Dynasty Reality TV StarsAdam Sandler: Legendary Stand-Up Comedian, Saturday Night Live Alum Hollywood Film StarPat Sajak: Wheel of Fortune Game Show Host Political Columnist Curt Schilling: World Series Champion Former Phillies, Diamondbacks Red Sox PitcherNick Searcy: TV and Film ActorTom Selleck: TV Film ActorRon Silver: TV Film ActorJessica Simpson: Singer, Actress TV PersonalityGary Sinise: Academy Award Nominated Film Actor TV StarSylvester Stallone: Producer, Director, Writer Legendary Film Actor, Star of Rocky Rambo FilmsBen Stein: Film Actor, Game Show Host Political CommentatorJohn Stossel: Investigative Reporter, SpeakerJanine Turner: Film TV ActorDonald Trump: Reality TV StarJon Voight: Academy Award-winning Film Actor and Political ActivistBruce Willis: Legendary Film Actor Two-Time Emmy Award WinnerLee Ann Womack: Country Music SingerJames Woods: Notable ActorDavid Zucker: Director of Airplane Naked Gun Films

History Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

History Paper - Essay Example Generally, the language is very easy and imparts full meaning of the excerpt. However, there is one place where the excerpt reads, â€Å"we oppose the greater conception -- the moral order† (Roosevelt) is a bit difficult to understand. Nevertheless, the statements that follow make it clear. In my judgment, assertions which provide important and valuable insights and guidance for governing societies and nations today are the first and the fourth freedom. In the present age, certain nations are invading others because the former are more powerful than the latter. People whose countries are being invaded are denied the right to speak for their rights. They are not powerful enough technologically or geographically to fight for their rights. This has resulted into a state of fear for such countries. Thus, in order to become a free and governing society in the present age, it is important to be free of the freedom of fear and to have the freedom to speak. The third freedom i.e. the freedom from want is literally unachievable in the context of the present age which is basically an age of consumers. People respect those who have more buying power and who are greater consumers. The basic need to consume originates in want and if people get freedom from want, this finishes every thing. On the other hand, it is really not possible to make people free from want in any case as want is the fundamental sign of life. As we live, we need things. Our worldly needs only come to an end when we die. From this perspective, saying that we want to be free from want is illogical. In fact, the freedom from want is no longer relevant in the 21st century in which want and consumption is the epicenter of world’s business and economic growth. Also, the freedom of practicing religion is already there to a large extent in the 21st century. In a vast majority of the countries around the world, people are free to practice their religion irrespective of whether they are a

Monastic Buddhism in South East Asia Research Paper

Monastic Buddhism in South East Asia - Research Paper Example Within a modern context, Buddhism may be divided into two separate schools which are known as Theravada, also known as ‘Southern’, Buddhism and Mahayana, which is called ‘Northern’, Buddhism. Theravada is the main tradition within Sri Lanka and it is thought that this country has had the most ancient incessant history of Buddhism. (Kapstein, 1087) Mahayana, on the other hand, is the leading Buddhist tradition found in Tibet and, although the geneses of this tradition are debatable, it is a diverse and varying tradition from that of the Theravada. (Jones, 121) The Theravada and Mahayana Buddhist conventions share ordinary viewpoints such as the Four Noble Truths, the Eightfold Path and Dependent Origination. Other similarities include similar principles such as Anicca, Dukkha, Annata, Sila, Samadhi, and Panna. In addition to this, the two traditions also share a rejection of the notion of a supreme creator. However, Theravada and Mahayana differ on some impor tant aspects such as the final goal of practice and their perspective on the notion of Buddha-nature as well as other doctrinal differences. There are neither rites of passage nor a special ceremony in becoming Buddhist. There is a long process of disciplinary training and education given to those seeking to become a monk (Bhikkhu). Anyone seeking to become a Bhikkhu is known as a novice. ... ly and no other monks has any objection to the given answers, this person is acknowledged into the Sangha, the monk community, and in this way, their training commences. Southeast Asian Countries and Monastic Education According to historical findings, Thaton was an operational port of call on the course between India and other prominent countries of southeastern Asia. From religious perspective, missionaries happened to come regularly from the eminent mission training centers of Conjeeveram and Amaravati and proceeded on from there to Cambodia, Thailand, and Java. At that time, though, these missionaries were Theravada Buddhists and the region around Thaton remained Theravada, it should be kept in mind that side by side with the stretch of Theravada, there was also a tough Mahayana movement from China, Malaya, Cambodia, and northern India. When King Anawrahta controlled to the throne in Pagan in northern Myanmar, he was not happy with the religious practice of his people, which was a weird combination of Tantrism, Mahayana, and Hinduism. So, when he held meeting the Arahat Shin Arahan and came to know about the simple yet reflective teaching of the Theravada, he was instantly converted and requested the Arahat to stay at Pagan for the establishment of the Dhamma. At Arahan's suggestion, King Anawrahta asked the king of Thaton for some relics and copies of the Tipitaka, and when he was refused, he attacked and occupied Thaton and brought to Pagan all the relics and copies of the Tipitaka as well as a large number of monks to sermonize the Dhamma. He ruled over most of Myanmar, established communications with the Buddhists of Ceylon, and started a great building program at Pagan which continued for two centuries until the country was overrun by the armies of Kublai

Monopoly Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Monopoly - Research Paper Example This paper will explore the various barriers to entry in a monopolistic market structure. Discussion The primary method of discouraging businesses to operate in a monopolistic market is to create deliberate entry barriers in the form of trade barriers. Market regulators may decide to discourage new business entry by placing restrictions on licenses, tariffs, currency movement and by providing existing businesses with subsidies. Typically, trade barriers are taken into consideration in terms of international trade only (Hans, Dahringer, & Leihs, 1999). Governments are known to create entry restrictions through licensing restrictions whereby new businesses are not issued licenses to operate inside the market. For example, the defense industry in the United States is highly protected by the government, as foreign operatives are not issued licenses to operate in the same market. In addition to these licensing restrictions, governments may choose to restrict import and export licenses in order to keep a monopolistic market intact. Legal entry barriers are analogous to trade barriers. Governments employ various forms of laws to ensure that new businesses are unable to enter the target market. ... or example, a number of Islamic countries discourage the production of alcoholic products in their borders by complicating the launch of new alcohol manufacturing businesses (Blinder, Baumol, & Gale, 2001). In addition to legal and trade barriers, another entry barrier employs technological and copyright methods. The presence of copyrights and trademarks related to certain products means that new businesses cannot enter business segments protected in this fashion. Typically, copyrights and trademarks are employed to protect businesses that are unique in terms of content such as music, books, films etc. However, copyrights and trademarks are also employed to protect other businesses where new entrants could emerge such as pharmaceuticals. If a pharmaceutical company owns a certain patent for medicine, then only that business can produce the subject medicine. Other businesses may also acquire the formula but cannot produce due to copyright and patent restrictions. Monopolies emerge in markets where resources are scarce and controlled by one or a select few businesses. Perhaps, the most telling example of such monopolies is the production of oil and gas in the Central Asian region. Oil and gas resources are scarce around the world and businesses are trying to shift to newer sources of oil and gas present in Central Asia. However, these resources are controlled by the local governments and existing businesses that do not allow new businesses to enter the market. The control of these scarce resources by a few select businesses means that the emerging market structure is a monopoly (Hirschey, 2000). In a similar manner, large sunk costs discourage new businesses from entering the market. Sunk costs represent investments that cannot be recovered in case the business has to

Workplace Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Workplace Law - Case Study Example Hence all the laws and regulations related to awards, state or federal industrial laws are applicable and can be enforced, in case of such contracts (CCH Australia, 2010). For the purpose of this case study, the contractual true nature of contractual relationship of Jane Jones and TMMS will be studied from the perspective of Common Law, and the various legal issues pertaining to the case will be discussed, by application of principles and facts of the said case. The various legal issues, as pertains to the Common Law, related to this case are listed below: 1. Breach of implied duty of mutual trust and confidence In accordance with the proceedings and decision arrived at by the Supreme Court of Australia, in the McDonald v State of South Australia, it was established that the elements such as mutual trust and confidence are an integral and inevitable part of employment contracts. The judiciary in Australia uses the implied term of trust and confidence in order to create an obligation on the part of the employers so as to instill an interest of fairness. It is described as "an implied obligation of good faith". It was observed in the case of Concut Pty Ltd v Worrel, that "the ordinary relationship of an employer and employee at common law is one importing implied duties of loyalty, honesty, confidentiality and mutual trust" (Aras, Crowther, 2010, pp. 517; Brodie, 2010, pp. 166). In this case, TMMS summoned Jane and made sudden changes in the contract, which included terms and conditions which were unfair to her, and did not seek to protect her interests at work. One of the implied rules of common law states that the employees be treated in a fair manner, while the terms and conditions and the abrupt changes made, were both unfair and unjust for Jane. The employer in this case had an implied obligation to treat their employees fairly and be honest and truthful to them. Furthermore, the employer is also required to practice and apply the elements of confidentiality and strive to maintain mutual trust. But in this case, TMMS decided to restructure its organization and did not take their employees into confidence prior to making any changes to their employment terms, and instead added clauses which were unjust and unfair to them. 2. Refusing to sign, negotiate, extend or vary an AWA Under Common Law, neither the employer nor the employee has the right to unilaterally alter the terms and conditions of an employment contract. Any such alteration must be done through mutual discussion and agreement, else it would be deemed illegal. The employer must obtain a valid consent of the employee prior to changing any of the terms of the employment contract and cannot do so just by serving a notice. Furthermore, it has also been stated under the Common Law, that the courts and tribunals will consider an agreement received by the employer, as illegal if the consequence of non-compliance or non-acceptance to sign the renewed contract is dismissal with immedi ate effect. In such a situation, the courts will deem such changes to the contract / agreement as unfair and adverse to the interest of the employees (Lewis & Sargeant, 2004, pp. 136). In this case, the employer TMMS, not only changed the terms of contract unilaterally, but also failed to discuss or negotiate the newly added terms with the employee. Furthermore, when specifically asked for more time to consider the said changes, TMMS openly stated that it is a â€Å"take it or leave it† situation, and implied that refusing to accept the said changes, would automatically result in termination of the contract. Such harsh terms and conditions not only broke the implied rule of mutual trust and

Cola Wars Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cola Wars - Essay Example While the Equity/Assets ratio of PepsiCo has increased over the decades, it has remained nearly the same for Coke. Coke has experienced increase in the Debt/Asset ratio while PepsiCo has seen a decline in this ratio. PepsiCo increased its popularity through diversification strategy and spending on advertising, though its ROE occasionally dropped because of the divided attention between the promotion of different products. Coke led the competition between the 80s and the 90s in terms of sales and profitability. Shift of customer preferences affected both companies in 2000s, though Coke managed its indebtedness better than PepsiCo. Nevertheless, PepsiCo took the lead starting from 2000. Both Coke and PepsiCo have been twisting their HR departments in response to external influences and changing preferences (Hitt, Ireland, and Hoskisson, 2012). The most important HR policy of Coke is recruitment of talent globally. Both companies have good reputation for rewarding their employees. Coke and Pepsi are the products of the two companies. Partnerships and diversification strategies have helped the two companies keep the price reasonable and be at the right places. Both companies have spent a lot on promotional campaigns, particularly of their new

Workplace Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Workplace Law - Case Study Example Hence all the laws and regulations related to awards, state or federal industrial laws are applicable and can be enforced, in case of such contracts (CCH Australia, 2010). For the purpose of this case study, the contractual true nature of contractual relationship of Jane Jones and TMMS will be studied from the perspective of Common Law, and the various legal issues pertaining to the case will be discussed, by application of principles and facts of the said case. The various legal issues, as pertains to the Common Law, related to this case are listed below: 1. Breach of implied duty of mutual trust and confidence In accordance with the proceedings and decision arrived at by the Supreme Court of Australia, in the McDonald v State of South Australia, it was established that the elements such as mutual trust and confidence are an integral and inevitable part of employment contracts. The judiciary in Australia uses the implied term of trust and confidence in order to create an obligation on the part of the employers so as to instill an interest of fairness. It is described as "an implied obligation of good faith". It was observed in the case of Concut Pty Ltd v Worrel, that "the ordinary relationship of an employer and employee at common law is one importing implied duties of loyalty, honesty, confidentiality and mutual trust" (Aras, Crowther, 2010, pp. 517; Brodie, 2010, pp. 166). In this case, TMMS summoned Jane and made sudden changes in the contract, which included terms and conditions which were unfair to her, and did not seek to protect her interests at work. One of the implied rules of common law states that the employees be treated in a fair manner, while the terms and conditions and the abrupt changes made, were both unfair and unjust for Jane. The employer in this case had an implied obligation to treat their employees fairly and be honest and truthful to them. Furthermore, the employer is also required to practice and apply the elements of confidentiality and strive to maintain mutual trust. But in this case, TMMS decided to restructure its organization and did not take their employees into confidence prior to making any changes to their employment terms, and instead added clauses which were unjust and unfair to them. 2. Refusing to sign, negotiate, extend or vary an AWA Under Common Law, neither the employer nor the employee has the right to unilaterally alter the terms and conditions of an employment contract. Any such alteration must be done through mutual discussion and agreement, else it would be deemed illegal. The employer must obtain a valid consent of the employee prior to changing any of the terms of the employment contract and cannot do so just by serving a notice. Furthermore, it has also been stated under the Common Law, that the courts and tribunals will consider an agreement received by the employer, as illegal if the consequence of non-compliance or non-acceptance to sign the renewed contract is dismissal with immedi ate effect. In such a situation, the courts will deem such changes to the contract / agreement as unfair and adverse to the interest of the employees (Lewis & Sargeant, 2004, pp. 136). In this case, the employer TMMS, not only changed the terms of contract unilaterally, but also failed to discuss or negotiate the newly added terms with the employee. Furthermore, when specifically asked for more time to consider the said changes, TMMS openly stated that it is a â€Å"take it or leave it† situation, and implied that refusing to accept the said changes, would automatically result in termination of the contract. Such harsh terms and conditions not only broke the implied rule of mutual trust and

Foreign Policy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Foreign Policy - Research Paper Example From there, as regards the incumbent, a voter will decide if that president really did all he could do to achieve his promises to the American people. There, of course, can be extenuating circumstances as to why one or more goals were not achieved and this factor, or factors, should also be taken into consideration for the overall summary. Barack Obama and his administration have delivered most of the promises made four years ago, and for not kept, there are certainly circumstances that affect the American people, and Obama as well, that no one can do anything about. In choosing to support Obama’s foreign policy, the reason is that he has done the most of any recent presidents to bring peace between America and the rest of world, in so much as he has been able to do so. OUTLINE OF BARACK OBAMA’S FOREIGN POLICY SUCCESSES The Obama/Biden website shows how he has ended the war in Iraq, returning control and security to the people of Iraq so that they can conduct their affa irs on their own. While there are certainly still problems on the ground between Muslim sects, these are issues that must be controlled and solved by the ruling party of Iraq. At this point, it is not up to America to rule this country or to provide more help in the way of troops and arms. Those that the Americans military have trained, are now fully sufficient to take care of matters on their own. Obama has kept his promise to bring home the troops in Iraq and this has brought peace to Iraq (Barack Obama web). Living in the Middle East, the consequences of his influence is plain to see in how he has helped to promote peace through several countries when he has supported the overthrow of dictators’ regimes, leaders who have terrorized their people for decades. He has gone out of his way to promote cordial relationships with new leaders and encourage and supported the new regimes put in place by each country’s people. From there, he does not interfere further with a cou ntry’s politics but instead, supports from afar, what new regimes are trying to do for their people (Barack Obama web). Governor Mitt Romney, however, while promoting peace also, would be more inclined to put troops on the ground should the occasion arise. This creates the potential for another possible war, which no one wants. Romney also stands very firmly on the position of the red line which is held on Iran, a potential spot for nuclear development, and Romney has indicated he would go to war should Iran bomb Israel. While Obama will be cutting defense expenditures, Romney intends to eliminate that action and instead, double the money to the military to make sure they have everything they need. It is not clear how he would get the money however (Arquilla web). Other points to be made here is that Obama has set the deadline for American troops in Afghanistan to come home in 2013 and currently has also had American troops teach local Afghan troops how to use and bear arms s o that they, too, will also be the peacekeepers in Afghanistan, much as those in Iraq currently are. Al-Qaeda has been significantly weakened in the Middle East since the beginning of the Iraqi war, allowing for the peoples here in many countries to experience freedom in living their daily lives. (Barack Obama web). Obama has also met with many of the leaders in the Middle East to help promote the end of nuclear weapons, particularly where Iran and North Korea are

Jung vs Freud Essay Example for Free

Jung vs Freud Essay Sigmund Freud was known as a medical doctor, psychologist and one of the most influential thinkers of the twentieth century. His ideas attracted Carl Jung to come under the teachings of Freud. As time grew on, Jung began to reject some of Freud’s original ideas. The two share some central ideas, but the differences between them are recognizable. The religion, unconscious complex, and the therapist practices is the biggest distinction between the two scholars. Freud’s dream is retrospective, meaning that it mainly deals with past events from childhood usually sexual ideas, while Jung’s dreams were more prospective, showing what the dreamer can grow into. Freuds’s dreams usually were regarded as a manifestation of the repressed sexual urges of the unconscious. As Freud cited â€Å"Many men dream of having sexual relations with their mothers and speak of the fact with indignation and astonishment. †(pg. 475) For example, if a patient dreamt about a long object, Freud would most likely say that it represents the phallus and ultimately sex, while Jung may say that it has nothing to do with the desire to have sex at all but rather the phallic object could refer to strength or fertility. This is where Jung and Freud had their greatest difference. Jung didn’t believe that everything was based so much on sexuality while Freud did. Jung cited â€Å"The dreams are obviously reiterating the conscious standpoint minus the conscious criticism. †(pg. 491) However, this disconnect is not surprising as ultimately, all of Freud’s students and most of his fellow peers didn’t agree with his strong emphasis on sexuality ruling everything. Jung and Freud especially differ in that Jung makes humans seem like beings that can advance and grow together, while Freud makes human seem largely like barbaric beings whose only/main motivation is sex. Even though Jung and Freud had there differences, they still had the same central idea of philosophies and mind process. It was a plus for mankind that Jung began to explore the world and create ideas for himself rather than just listening to the teachings of Freud. Jung offered new thought process for people to agree on rather than everyone just following the masses.

Media Streaming Techniques

Media Streaming Techniques Chapter 7 : Media Streaming and Storage In this chapter, we learn about media streaming techniques and typical devices used within streaming. Streaming is the process of media delivery via computer networks, most notably the internet. Learning Outcomes To explain streaming and how media is transmitted via computer networks To give an outline of the encoding and storage of video material. Media Streaming is the process of transmitting audio and video signals via computer networks, most notably the internet. It requires three parts, a source (to encode the stream), a server (to host the streaming service), and a browser or player (to view the stream). Streaming is an increasingly important technology to learn about as content continues to be delivered to a variety of internet connected devices. Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) is effectively streaming programmes (both TV and radio) and movies over the internet instead of terrestrial broadcast. The media streamed may be live (e.g. news) or on-demand (e.g. movies, programmes etc.). IPTV is usually over a ‘closed’ or ‘subscriber’ network e.g. VirginTV (UK) with a specified minimum Quality of Service. This should not be confused with Internet TV (a.k.a. Web TV) which is transmitted using the same protocols but primarily consumed via a web-browser on the ‘open’ internet (eg. BBC iPlayer). 7.1 Stream Creation 7.1.1 Capture The media stream can be pre-recorded or a live feed that is ‘captured’ and run through an encoder. An audio live feed can be used for internet radio; it requires a sound card to capture the audio input. Sound capture devices can be internal (eg sound cards or integral computer motherboard device) or external devices (e.g. audio interface) though it would be wise to review the earlier chapter on professional versus domestic signal levels before assuming that a built-in motherboard can handle your incoming audio signal. Similarly, live video is via a camera (webcam – poor quality, or video camera – higher quality) but the capture device is typically by video capture cards, IEEE 1394 connection (aka Firewire) or for domestic quality, a USB device. Some USB plug-in devices carry both audio and video signals; it is the software in the encoder that is set to look for where the feeds are attached to the computer. Current tablet and smart-phones can be used as internet streaming devices. These, along with some cameras, are already ‘cloud connected’ for storage and sharing while IP-Cameras (viewable and controllable on streaming sites) can be used for home security etc. It is possible that these will become more ubiquitous and have greater streaming functionality in the future. 7.1.2 Encoding Encoding is performed by an encoding software package such as Adobe Flash Live Media Encoder. A ‘live’ feed or pre-recorded media must be compressed and fed into the stream at a suitable bit rate and in a format with which the media server can cope for the purposes of ingest and re-direction. It is necessary for any audio video compression process to have the right decompressor at the play-out destination. Compression (bit-rate reduction) at the transmission end can be in either one or two pass encoding and at a constant bit rate (CBR) or variable bit rate (VBR). Live encoding must be done in real-time ‘on-the-fly’ so it is a one pass encoding i.e. the image data is analysed and compressed once. Pre-recorded data can be a multi-pass (usually two-pass) process so the quality of the encoding is higher, but is not used in live stream encoding. Constant bit rate (CBR) is used for media streaming as the encoding quality and feed to the server remains at the same bit rate, so can be at the maximum level the process will allow. Variable bit rate (VBR) is controlled by the bit rate range (Minimum – Maximum) or the average bit rate (each pass is averaged, and then several averages are re-averaged) to achieve a close to uniform bit rate for the stream. Variable bit rate is used for a multi-pass encoding process. 7.2 Network Connectivity 7.2.1 IP address (Internet Protocol Address) Every computer device that can be connected to the internet requires a unique address so that it can be found, rather like a telephone number. So to host a media stream that can be found on the internet, the media server requires a static IP address. Like telephone numbers in a directory, IP addresses are convertible to meaningful names by a Domain Name Server (DNS) process running on a web-hosting server. Consequently media servers and web-servers are closely coupled, and media is capable of being found using a web-based URL (Uniform Resource Locator) such as www.youtube.com. The source device (the computer or IP enabled camera etc.) needs to be found by the media server. This means the device has to ‘join’ the media server’s network (a more permanent connection) or pass on its IP address for the session (a temporary connection lasting until the session ends). Network Router The link between the source device and the media server may not be a direct connection, but may run through other connecting devices (network servers and routers). A router is a device that redirects data to another connected device either on its own or another network. This is basically how the interconnectivity of the internet works, routing between the server acting as the source device’s internet service provider to other networks and finally being re-directed to the destination. Multiplexer (MUX) Obviously it would be inefficient if the stream of data being passed to a media server is solely dedicated to one source device. This is a poor use of bandwidth, (bandwidth being the range of frequencies available in the data stream), so multiple devices are streamed simultaneously. A multiplexer (MUX) is a device that is used to combine input streams into a single output stream which is then split back into individual streams using a de-multiplexer (DEMUX). Figure 7-1 : Multiplexer to Demultiplexer 7.2.2 Web-Host Servers For a stream to be found it must be made available to web-browsers or stand-alone players (e.g. Windows Media Centre). The web-host server handles the web-site connectivity but need not be the same computer as the media server but both need a connection between them that isn’t prone to interruption. This web site often has a web page (HTML –HyperText Markup Language) with a plug-in media player connected to the media stream being managed by the media server, and contains the web-site in which the page resides. Consequently it must link to the internet and Domain Name Server process to resolve the IP Address from the web-site name, so the routing can direct the end user’s browser to the host. Figure 7-2 : Connection diagram The browser only needs to connect to the internet via its Internet Service provider to link to the media stream’s web-host server (see figure 7-2 Connection diagram). Hence any internet device with media playing capability could view the stream including smart-phones, tablets and PCs providing it has the right decompressing codec and can manage the bit rate of the stream from the media server. This is why it is important to offer various streams of differing quality, bit rate and formats (e.g. a Windows Media Video .WMV format file may not play on an iPad without a conversion app). A further file often created at the time of the stream hosting web page is an announcement file. These are particularly important to make potential viewers aware of the content and set links to the media stream. Podcast and Vodcast Podcasts are audio files that are available for download from a web hosting service (vodcasts are video inclusive podcasts) and differ from media steaming in so much as the content is downloaded then played on the user’s device. Streamed media is viewable but not downloaded to the device. They are often announced by RSS feeds (a short web content file) to which your device has been connected. 7.3 Media Streaming Servers A Media server is additional software that runs on a typical web server (or file server with web-host server connection). It requires a static IP – so its address does not alter on each session). The media server software needs to add additional protocols to those found on a simple web-server. In addition to Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) which is inbuilt with the web server, these additional protocols differ for proprietary server software. Real Time Messaging Protocol (RTMP) is for Adobe Flash systems along with HTTP Dynamic Streaming (HDS). Microsoft Media Services (MMS) is no longer supported for windows streaming and now uses HTTP and Real time Steaming Protocol (RTSP), and finally there is an HTTP Live Streaming (HLS) protocol which is for Apple iOS based systems. Adaptive streaming (HDS, HLS and Microsoft Smooth Streaming) requires the stream to be fragmented (which is how HTTP delivers content) and may utilise the MPEG-DASH codec. Adaptive streaming is where the content is streamed as fragments in a variety of bit rates with the computer automatically selecting the next most appropriate sized fragment based on its current playback state to minimise buffering. This differs from the older method of providing different dedicated streams at constant bit rates and the client selecting one most appropriate to their computers (or routers) connection capability. 7.3.1Content Delivery Unicast In a Unicast scenario the client connects to the server on a one-to-one basis. The number of clients is limited by bandwidth considerations. Multicast In a multicast scenario the server streams to a multicast IP address (this is a special address on the client’s network). This is a one-to-many basis and is an effective means of reaching many clients with less bandwidth overhead. UDP v TCP All content (including streams) is delivered across a network in packets. In User Datagram Protocol(UDP) the stream is sent without checking the connection and no acknowledgement of receipt is made. UDP is seen as unreliable but it is simpler and quicker. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is bi-directional so will check for receipt and retransmit missing packets. TCP is seen as reliable but slower. A good discussion on this is at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol#Comparison_of_UDP_and_TCP 7.3.2Live Streaming A live stream needs to be seen at the time of broadcast. A live stream needs connection to a publishing point on the media server which connects to an encoding device. This may be another computer or a camera with IP addressable capability. The publishing point provides the connection between the content (live stream or pre-recorded) and the client’s computer which links to it via a web-host request from the internet. 7.3.3 Video on Demand (VoD) If the stream is recorded then it is treatable in the same way as any pre-recorded media file. Note:, it is not advisable to record an encoded stream and then re-encode it as this would severely compromise its quality. Streams and Playlists Media streaming servers can have many pre-recorded files ready for streaming, often collected into separate playlists (one media file plays immediately after another). These playlist or file streams can be on a continuous loop, or awaiting selection by a viewer through the browser. This latter selection method is called video–on-demand, although it equally applies to audio files as well. Bandwidth considerations A media server can manage several streams and be linked to several web-hosts at the same time. This requires careful planning of the number of streams the media server can handle which is a function of its bandwidth connection. The more simultaneous streams being handled then the less the size of the bit rate is available for each of those streams. If a media server has a 1Gbit/second connection then it could only handle 1000 x 1Mbit/second streams. However, full utilization of the bandwidth like this is not normally done; there are recommended bit rates for video streams based on destination image size and aspect ratio, e.g. a 1280* 720 HD video with stereo audio will require around a 2.5 Mbit/sec rate. A good source for this is: http://www.adobe.com/devnet/adobe-media-server/articles/dynstream_live/popup.html Push Pull The relationship between the encoding source device and the media server is based on which device initiates the stream. i.e. it is PULLED from the source device by the media server (needed for video-on-demand), or it is PUSHED to the server by the source device to start the service (a broadcast need). The media server needs to know how the stream is to be initiated for it to start the service. 7.4 Storage 7.4.1 Read Write speed All devices that are used to store data (including audio and video) need to be able to write to the storage device faster than the transmitted data is fed to it, otherwise it must buffer (temporary memory store on a faster device) and then read from the buffer to maintain the data transmission sequence. Consequently if a device is used that cannot cope with the data transmission rate than it will fail or lose data e.g. using a low class SD card in a camcorder. Data is written to storage devices and stored in a binary format but unlike data transmission the Kilo/Mega/Giga/Terra sizes are based on multiples of 1024 (210) not 1000. The speed of data being read from a storage device may be slower than required to play in real-time which would result in its being prone to stutter and freeze. 7.4.2 Simple Storage Devices Considerations Tapes – early tapes (DVCAM, DV) required striping. This was to put a continuous time code on the tape before recording – however later tape devices (including mini-DV camcorders) made this unnecessary, though any discontinuities or repetitions in the timecode could cause problems when ingesting material to an editing workstation. Cards – cards such as SDHC have a class rating which will denote the read/write speed of the card in Megabits per second, and storage size in Gigabytes. Always check to ensure the card will work with the device and check to see if there is a device firmware update, particularly if the device is more than a year old. USB sticks as with cards their read write speeds differ wildly – check using an on-line speed testing application, it is usually better to transfer video files to a hard disk before using the file for playback or editing. CD and DVD disks have a read/write speed depending on the quality of the disk (recording speed), but another consideration is the data rate used in the writing process from such software as the video non-linear editor (NLE). An ‘average’ bit rate (based on Peak and minimum Variable bit rate (VBR)) or ‘constant’ bit rate (CBR) needs to be selected, that will not only write to the disk but allow the disk to be played on the output device. Computers can write to disks comfortably at 9 – 11 Megabits per sec. But this needs to be slower (around 5 Mb per sec) if writing to a DVD that is to be played on an older standard-definition DVD player. You should consider the bit rate as part of your consideration of overall file size and the storage capacity on the disk. A good explanation of data rate calculation is given in:-https://helpx.adobe.com/encore/using/project-planning.html#bit_budgeting Hard Disks – Many older hard disks (often found in laptops) spin at 5400 rpm, this is too slow for video playback and a minimum 7200 rpm disk is needed. Hard disk read write at around 50-150 Mbytes per sec. SSD Solid State Disks are now finding favour due to faster read/write speeds than traditional hard disk technology. SSD read write speed is between 200-500 Megabytes per sec. 7.4.3 Network Storage Connection speed Any network storage has to pass data via the network card (NIC network Interface Controller), this needs to be as fast as possible (preferably a fibre connection of 1Gbits per sec but a minimum of 10 Mbs for Ethernet). Unlike other storage considerations network traffic can be bandwidth throttled (i.e. the bit rate is reduced) and will affect speed. If the NIC card is under your administration always set it on maximum performance. NAS, SAN, Cloud NAS (Network Attached Storage) is what most people think of as network storage- an array of hard disks that allows for file storage remotely from your computer directly accessible via the network. SAN (Storage Area Networks) are a separate network but pretty much do the same job as NAS differing in access protocol. The Cloud is just another remote storage area (uses SAN technology) but accessed via the internet (typified by a URL connection – Uniform Resource Locator) not a local area network LAN connection (typified by a UNC connection – Universal Naming Convention). 7.4.4 Raid RAID (Redundant Array of Independent (or inexpensive) Disks) allows the disk storage to have a measure of redundancy and/or striping to create a secure method of retrieving data should there be a disk failure. For media technology only a few RAID levels (configurations) are used (i.e. Levels 0 and 5 – see figure 7-3 Raid diagram). Level 0 – usually this requires at least two disks and the data is striped across them. (Note: It can be put on one physical disk using two logical drives – but with little advantage). That essentially means data is split into blocks and distributed across the disks. Typically used in video storage applications as it is fast, there is no redundancy (no duplication) so recovery from a disk crash is almost impossible. Consequently if a disk fails then the file may not be fully recoverable. If you have RAID 0 on your disks, always be sure to keep an external copy of your original audio or video files. Level 1 – disk mirroring, requires at least 2 disks but is slow as it writes the same data twice (once to each disk). Data is easy to recover as the system has full redundancy (disk duplicated). This level is good for general data and possibly audio only files. Many video editors feel this level is too slow for working with video files. Level 5 – block striping and parity. This requires 3 disks minimum, data is striped across all the disks (except one) and the block parity is put on the excepted disk. This is done repeatedly using a different disk for parity on each block. One disk can fail and be rebuilt from the others by using the parity blocks on remaining disks. Raid 5 is also popular with video editors as long as the raid controller is fast enough. It is slower than level 0 but faster than Level 1 and has enough redundancy for disk recovery.

Case 8-2: Whither The Withering Standard Setters? Essay -- Internation

Chapter 8 Case 8-2 â€Å"Whither the Withering Standard Setters?† 1. There are a number of differences between the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). The IASB consists of 16 members with 3 part time members. The FASB consists of 5 members with no part time members. The members of the IASB board consist of 4 from Asia, 4 from Europe, 4 from North America, 1from Africa, 1 from South America, with 2 from any region in the world. This board is diversified with its members being knowledgeable in the varying fields of accounting such as the academic world, as well as those who utilize, prepare, and audit financial records. The FASB on the other hand requires that its board members be involved as a watchdog for the public. The FASB is a geographically diverse board with members who are knowledgeable in the fields of business, as well as accounting and it’s required reporting. Therefore the FASB board is made up of members from universities, corporations, accounting firms, as well as in vestors. There are a number of comparisons between the IASB and the FASB. The IASB is an organization whose design was based upon that of the FASB. Therefore, the process used by both is similar in establishing accounting standards. Those appointed to either board only sit for one term of five years. The meetings of the organizations are made public knowledge and are publically held. Committees and people internal to these organizations decide where to focus the efforts of the respective organizations. Both boards conduct research of subjects presenting the positives and negatives of said, but in the IASB this is accomplished in working groups, whereas in the FASB they utilize employed p... ...ing the annual budgets of each organization both have huge budgets as seen here from 2012†¦ http://www.ifrs.org/The-organisation/Governance-and-accountability/Annual-reports/Documents/2012-IFRS-Foundation-Annual-Report.pdf and here†¦ http://www.accountingfoundation.org/cs/ContentServer?c=Document_C&pagename=Foundation%2FDocument_C%2FFAFDocumentPage&cid=1176162645907 Therefore, though I do not know if the IASB will maintain without the FASB. However, I do believe that the IASB and FASB will not converge. Works Cited Choi, Frederick D. S., and Gary K. Meek. International Accounting. 7th ed. Boston: prentice Hall, 2011. Financial Accounting Standards Board. FASB. 2012. Web. 29 Mar. 2014. International Financial Reporting Standards. IFRS. 2012. Web. 29 Mar. 2014.

The Importance Of Wind Turbines Engineering Essay

With world-wide energy demands invariably on the rise, the demand for sustainable green energy beginnings is going of all time more of import. Global population growing and emerging developing states paired with an exhaustible supply and changeless addition in monetary value of the universe ‘s fossil fuels is doing an increased involvement into alternate energy beginnings. Based on current ingestion of the universes fossil fuels an appraisal of the length of clip staying before each modesty runs out, taken from ; World Fossil Fuel Reserves and Projected Depletion, Colorado River Commission of Nevada, March 2002, can be seen in table 1. Fossil fuel Estimated old ages left before complete exhaustion Petroleum 98 old ages Natural gas 166 old ages Coal 230 old ages ( table 1 ) Even though these appraisals do n't take into history the find of new fuel militias and the outgrowth of new more efficient dodo fuel energy engineerings they still give a image of why investing and research into sustainable engineerings is going of all time more extended and popular. Figures show that in 2011 the planetary air current power market grew by 20 % with a world-wide investing transcending ˆ 50 billion. ( Global Wind Energy Council, 2012 ) Wind power engineering is quickly going one of the most popular alternate energy beginnings for several grounds: It is environmentally friendly and will greatly cut down C dioxide emanations Contrary to popular belief, wind turbines are going more and more efficient at change overing energy and hence more cost effectual Wind power unlike fossil fuels is an unlimited beginning of energy and is readily available all around the universe. Low running costs one time wind turbines have been set up and a comparatively little required work force compared with conventional energy engineerings. Much safer than dodo fuel combustion and atomic power workssHistory of air current turbinesWorlds have been tackling the power of the air current for 1000s of old ages. The earliest hint can be dated as far back as 4000BC where the ancient Chinese began utilizing the air current to power canvass attached to their ships. Other than sailing, the air current has influenced much technological promotion. It has played an of import function in agribusiness, where windmills have been used to crunch grains and irrigate Fieldss. It was n't until the last 150 old ages that wind power has been used to change over kinetic energy into electricity. The first of all time automatically operated air current turbine in the universe was built in 1888 by Charles Brush. It consisted of 144 blades and was able to bring forth 12 KW of power used to bear down batteries. ( wind power coevals ) . But it was n't until ww1 and ww2 where air current turbines were used commercially as a beginning of energy ( peculiarly in Denmark as it was cut off from oil supplies from the remainder of Europe. After this period research and involvement in air current engineering was non sustained due to the belief that it was non cost effectual. Although there was small planetary involvement in air current engineering at this clip some research was still carried out by independent developers, most notably the design of the 200KW Gedser air current turbine in Denmark. This was a pioneering design consisting of three flying blades and flying tip interruptions and is mostly considered be the trademark of all modern twenty-four hours wind turbines. It was n't until the 1972 oil crisis that wind power began to come into fruition with Denmark and the USA taking the manner in invention. Gedser air current turbine Denmark ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.energimuseet.dk/ )Modern twenty-four hours wind turbinesModern twenty-four hours wind turbines differ greatly from Charles Brush ‘s 144 blade turbine both in aesthetics and public presentation, but the rule behind bring forthing electricity is the same. Aerodynamic lift forces caused by the air current blowing past the blades cause them to revolve a shaft and in bend power a generator which converts this mechanical power into electricity.CategorizationThe air current turbines can be split into two classs: HAWT ; horizontal axis air current turbines, these are turbines which axis of rotary motion are horizontal, and VAWTS ; perpendicular axis air current turbines, these are turbines which axis of rotary motion are perpendicular. There are advantages for utilizing either for case the VAWT in non wind way orientated and does non necessitate to confront the way of the air current whilst HAWTS do, but HAWT ‘s are much more economical and practical than VAWT ‘s and besides produce more power. HAWT ‘s are by far the most common constellation of air current turbine and therefore for the intent of this thesis merely HAWT will be discussed. Example of a typical HAWT Example of a typical VAWT ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.turbinesinfo.com/ ) ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.top-alternative-energy-sources.com/ ) When planing a HAWT there are several factors which have to be taken into history: The HAWT design can be split into four different subsystems: Turbine rotor subsystem Power-train subsystem Nacelle subsystem Tower subsystemTurbine rotor subsystemThe design of the rotor subsystem if frequently considered the most of import, as it straight affects the cost, efficiency and public presentation of the air current turbine. When planing a rotor subsystems there are several facets which must be examined:Shape of rotorFrom flying tip to root, the form of the rotor blade does non stay changeless. The tip of the blade is much narrower than the root. This is because of demand for the root to structurally back up the remainder of the rotor blade. Besides the farther off from the root the greater the additive velocity, purchase and the greater the part toward the blades rotation.Power= force ten velocity This means that points nearer the shaft have less of an consequence on rotary motion, and hence holding a thicker less aerodynamically efficient blade subdivision at this point will non hold every bit serious effects as it would at the tip. Unlike a typical aeroplane flying blade a air current turbine blade has a just sum of turn. Besides unlike an aeroplane wing, turbine blades undergo rotational motion doing this demand for greater turn. Turn of a turbine blade is when the tip is non parallel to the root. As mentioned before the tips of the blade have a greater additive velocity than closer towards the root, but the air current velocity along the full blade remains changeless. Due to the comparative velocity non staying changeless along the blade, holding the same angle of onslaught throughout would intend different points along the blade meeting the air current at sub-optimal angles of onslaught with hapless lift to drag coefficients. Therefore to do the angle of onslaught relation to the way of wind the same throughout the full blade, a turn angle must be implemented. ( wind turbine engineering, pg 53 )Number of bladesModern twenty-four hours HAWT most normally have merely two or three blades, although they would st ill work with a smaller or larger figure of blades, but these constellations are uncommon. It is mostly considered that three blade turbines are the most effectual with the best combination of balance, efficiency, and aesthetics.Blade pitchBlade pitch is the angle between the blade chord line and the plane of rotary motion. Pitch mechanisms allows for a manner to command the starting torsion, peak power, and halting torsion of the turbine ( Wind turbine engineering, pg 51 ) . Most big air current turbines have a pitch mechanism integrated into the design, but due to their cost some smaller turbines have fixed pitch. Some wind turbines may besides hold tip interruptions. These halt the rotor rotary motion by turning the tip of the blades to right angles with the way of gesture, doing an addition in retarding force.Blade MaterialChoosing the right stuff for the design is of import, depending on the rotors size and design a stuff with equal strength, stiffness, weight and cost must be found. Early on air current turbine rotor blade designs consisted of wooden complexs and lightweight metals. Most wind turbines today use either fiberglass or plastic complexs for building due to their low costs, strength and weariness features. ( wind power, Paul gipe, pg 110 )Power train subsystemConsists of a series of mechanical and electrical constituents, to change over mechanical power caused from the rotor to electrical power. It includes ; low velocity and high velocity thrust shafts, a gear box, an electrical generator and a rotor brake every bit good as subsidiary equipment. ( wind turbine engineering, pg 52 ) . This is done by reassigning mechanical energy from the low velocity thrust shaft attached to the rotor, to a high velocity thrust shaft to power a generator.Nacelle subsystemThe nacelle is the lodging to all of the power train subsystems every bit good as the gaping systems. It must protect these systems from all conditions conditions every bit good as act a primary burde n way from the shaft to the tower. ( wind turbine engineering, pg 54 ) . The ability for a turbine to gape is of import. A turbine turned at 90 & A ; deg ; to the air current will bring forth no lift and hence no rotary motion, whilst if it is at 0 & A ; deg ; to the air current it will bring forth maximal sum of lift and maximal rotary motion. Yawing is of import in acquiring maximal power out of a air current turbine and even gaping a twosome of grades to confront the air current will profit. Modern air current turbines have a yawing mechanism to let, non merely for the turbine to confront the air current but when in non in operation to confront 90 & A ; deg ; to the air current to halt rotary motion. ( wind turbine engineering, pg 54 )Tower subsystemThe tower raises the nacelle and the rotor off the land. The tallness of the tower is dependent on geographical location and the trade of between increasing the tower tallness to make more powerful air currents and cost. The tower must be structurally really strong and stiff both to back up the nacelle and rotor, every bit good as withstand quivers caused by the rotor. Towers are normally made from steel or reinforced concrete. ( wind turbine engineering, pg 56 )Tip velocity ratioThe velocity in which the blades rotate is an of import factor to see. If the blades rotate excessively easy so most of the air current will go through between them undisturbed with really small energy extracted. If excessively fast, so the blades wi ll be whirling through disruptive air caused by the other blades, every bit good as doing the turbine to be put under increased emphasis which could take to mechanical failure. Wind turbine blades are hence designed to revolve with an optimal tip velocity ratio to pull out the maximal energy possible from the air current. Tip velocity ratio can be defined as the ratio of blade tip velocity to weave velocity. The tip velocity ratio is straight affected by the figure of blades of a turbine, the fewer the figure of blades the faster the rotary motion velocity will necessitate to be to pull out maximal power. For three bladed air current turbines the tip velocity ratio is by and large in the scope of 6-8 with 7 being the most common value ITECHOPEN.com pg Betz one pg 29 Generally interior decorators will take to maintain the tip velocity ratio every bit high as possible to increase the velocity in which the shaft connected to the generator spins, but higher tip velocity ratios besides have several disadvantages: Increased tip losingss ensuing in decreased efficiency Increased noise Increased quiver Erosion caused by dust atoms Efficient airfoil design is hence particularly of import to let for higher optimal ratios to be met whilst restricting these negative effects.Finish! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !Lift, Drag and Pitching MomentThe lift, retarding force and pitching minute are all moving on a air current turbine rotor blade. And figure†¦ †¦ . shows the orientation of these. Lift is the force moving perpendicular to the oncoming air flow and is required to get the better of gravitation. ( Hansen,2008 pg 8 ) The retarding force force acts perpendicular to the lift force and hence parallel to the oncoming air flow. The retarding force force is a combination of the syrupy forces between the air and the airfoil, and the force per unit area differences over the airfoil ensuing in whirls. As mentioned by Hansen, 2008 pg 8 the lift to drag ratio should be maximised to acquire a more efficient airfoil. The coefficients of lift and retarding force can be defined as: Where, is the air denseness and is the length of the airfoil chord. These coefficients are maps of Reynolds figure, Mach figure and angle of onslaught. To to the full depict the forces it is necessary to cognize the pitching minute about a point of the airfoil. As stated by Hansen 2008, pg 8 This is located at a distance of ? length along the chord line from the taking border. It is defined as:Betz boundThe Betz bound was foremost introduced by German applied scientist Albert Betz in 1919 and is the maximal theoretical power that can be extracted from a air current watercourse. Harmonizing to Intechopen.com pg 26 for maximal energy extraction the downstream speed should be equal to of the upstream speed, therefore the optimal value for the power coefficient will go: This value is about and is known as the Betz bound. Using this standard a value for air current turbine efficiency can be defined as the ratio of power coefficient to Betz bound: Figure†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ Hansen 2008 pg 40 shows how the maximal efficiency is affected by the tip velocity ratio. For low tip velocity ratios the efficiency will be decreased for illustration, a tip velocity ratio of 1 will give a maximal efficiency of about 70 % , whilst a tip velocity ratio of 10 will give a maximal efficiency of about 98 % . This shows that air current turbines higher tip speed ratios can pull out more energy and therefore a higher tip velocity ratio is a coveted feature.Blade Element Momentum theoryBlade component impulse theory is a combination of two air current turbine analysis methods. The 1st method is to execute impulse balance equations on a revolving annulate watercourse tubing which passes through the turbine. The 2nd is to analyze the forces generated by the lift and retarding force coefficients along the blade by dividing it into subdivisions.Momentum theoryAxial forceAssuming a air current turbine as being in a control volume disc actuat or theoretical account as seen in figure†¦ †¦PremisesThis is a really basic theoretical account which assumes no aftermath rotary motion. Stations 1, 2, 3 and 4 are at places upriver of the turbine, merely before the turbine, merely after the turbine and downstream of the turbine, severally. Between Stationss 2 and 3 energy is extracted from the air current ensuing in a force per unit area alteration. The mass flow rate of the control volume must stay changeless harmonizing to the continuity equation: Besides if we assume continuity of speed through the turbine so and and because the flow is frictionless so we can use Bernoulli ‘s equation between 1and 2, every bit good as 3 and 4 giving up: Uniting these equations gives: As force is equal to coerce clip ‘s country so the push generated by the turbine can be calculated as: The axial initiation factor is a factor of vaiation of the cross sectional country of the turbine blade which varies as a map of flow speed. ( Eng.fiu.edu, pg 21 ) . It can be defined as: Therefore: If this is substituted into the trust equation it yields: Using this equation the power end product of the turbine can so be found by specifying it as thrust times speed. Therefore:Power and Thrust CoefficientThe power generated by the kinetic energy of the air current fluxing at a air current turbine can be defined as: The public presentation parametric quantities of a air current turbine can be characterised by the power and thrust coefficients. Where the coefficient of power is the ratio of power generated by the air current turbine to power available given by: Similarly the thrust coefficient can be defined as: Harmonizing to the Betz limit the coefficient of power can ne'er transcend a value of. These public presentation parametric quantities can be related to the axial initiation factor by uniting with the power and thrust equations severally giving:Blade Element TheoryBlade component theory involves dividing a blade up into N figure of subdivisions ( or elements ) . The fluid flow will be different across each component as they will hold different rotational velocities, chord length, and turn angle ( wind turbine design grant ingram ) . Therefore numerical integrating along the blade span is required to find the overall public presentation.Relative speedThe comparative air current speed is the vector amount of the horizontal air current speed at the blade, and the speed caused by blade rotary motion. The rotary motion constituent is the vector amount of the blade speed and the rotational flow due aftermath rotary motion is.To give a more accurate estimation of the airfoil public presenta tion an norm of recess ( place 2 ) and issue ( place 3 ) is used where is the mean rotational flow due to wake rotary motion. Wind turbine explained pg 107. Knowing this an equation can be writ for the mean digressive speed: Figure 5 shows the geometry of a air current turbine blade grant ingram pg 9 From the figure 5 we can infer that: Where the value of will change along the span of the blade. This equation can be related to the tip velocity ratio which is defined as: Threfore: Using figure 6 we can besides associate that the equation for the comparative speed is:Blade ElementssFrom figure 6 the forces moving on a blade component can be seen. These forces can be equated as: Taking into history the coefficients of lift and retarding force antecedently defined as equations†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. ClCd graph possibly? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? so the forces moving on a blade component can be written as: Where B is the figure of rotor blades. The torsion moving on a subdivision of the blade is the digressive force moving at a distance R from the Centre and is given by: From this equation the influence of retarding force can be clearly be seen. An addition in retarding force will diminish the torsion hence the power end product of the turbine. This is why when selecting or planing an airfoil for turbine usage, one of the key aims is to maintain the coefficient of retarding force every bit low as possible while keeping a high coefficient of lift. These equations can be expressed in footings of initiation factors by replacing equations†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ and simplified by utilizing the solidness factor. The solidness factor can be defined as the ratio of blade country to country of the disc given by the equation ; The equations can so be written as: These two equations†¦ †¦ †¦ specify the push and torsion moving on an annulate subdivision of the blades severally.Tip losingssDue to the difference in force per unit area on the top and underside of the airfoil, air flows from the high force per unit area side to the low force per unit area side around the blade tip, cut downing the lift of the blade. To account for this loss of lift and hence power, a rectification factor is implemented. A method of gauging the tip losingss was obtained by L. Prandtl and the equation for the rectification factor is: Where is in radians. Equations.7,17†¦ †¦ so go:Blade component impulse theoryEquations for blade component impulse theory which are used in blade design and optimisation can now be defined by uniting the impulse theory equations for axial push and torsion, with blade component forces equations. These are:Used for ciphering initiation factorsPower end productThe entire power of each ring can be calculated utilizing equation: The entire power from the rotor can be calculated utilizing the equation: Where is the hub radius. The power coefficient of the rotor can now be calculated utilizing the equation: Where is the blade tip radius. Using the annulate subdivision torsion equation this power coefficient can be written as: